Tsheb 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
"Renault Duster": specifications, tswv yim xyuas, duab
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Txhua tus neeg nyiam tsheb yeej paub zoo txog Renault Duster compact crossover. Nyob rau hauv 2014, lub lab daim ntawv dov tawm ntawm lub rooj sib txoos kab, thiab tsis ntev ua ntej ntawd, ib tug "ob" tshwm sim - Nissan Terrano. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tsheb no. Dab tsi yog qhov kev hloov kho nto moo tshaj plaws. Tus nqi tshiab thiab siv tsheb yog dab tsi. Cov neeg tsav tsheb hais li cas txog Renault Duster
Fiat Doblo Panorama ("Fiat-Dobla-Panorama") - qhov kev xaiv zoo rau tsev neeg
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub tsheb neeg nrog Fiat-Dobla-Panorama tau tsim los ntawm kev lag luam tsheb Italian txij li xyoo 2000. 13 xyoos dhau los txij thaum ntawd los, thiab lub tshuab no tseem raug tsim tawm. Muaj tseeb, tom qab nws qhov debut, lub tsheb tau dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov kho tshiab, ntawm qhov uas nws tsim nyog sau cia txog kev so ntawm xyoo 2005
"BMW E34 525" - classic "Bavarian" nrog keeb kwm 30 xyoo
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
"BMW E34 525" yog lub tsheb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nto moo Bavarian, uas yog qhov tsim nyog tham txog. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog German classic, uas nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm yog incredibly nrov
Chevrolet Cruz tshem tawm. Specifications Chevrolet Cruze
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub tsheb "Chevrolet Cruz" tau txais koob meej vim nws cov tsos zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo. Niaj hnub no peb yuav saib ze rau ntawm tus tsim, yam ntxwv, clearance ntawm Chevrolet Cruze thiab nws lwm yam nta
Mercedes 124 - 13 xyoo ntawm kab sib dhos
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Mercedes 124 mid-size sedan yog thawj zaug qhia rau cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv 1984 raws li kev hloov rau W123 tawm. Thiab yog hais tias tus predecessor yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug sib sib zog nqus Modernization ntawm lub 114th, lub novelty yog tsim los ntawm kos
Audi 200 - lub tsheb pheej yig nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo heev
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Alloy log, lub cav muaj zog, lub cev zoo nkauj, xis nyob sab hauv, tswj kev nyab xeeb, tsis siv neeg kis - cov no tsuas yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Audi 200, uas tau tso tawm ntau dua 35 xyoo dhau los. Niaj hnub no, ntawm chav kawm, nws tsis yog tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, txog rau tam sim no, ntau tus xav paub qhov twg koj tuaj yeem yuav lub tsheb zoo no
Audi A8 tsheb: duab, specifications, tshuaj xyuas
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Nyob tsis ntev los no, ib lub tuam txhab German loj tau nthuav tawm cov qauv tshiab ntawm Audi A8. Lub tsheb tsom mus rau kev sib tw nrog nws cov "cov phooj ywg", uas yog sawv cev los ntawm xya series ntawm BMW thiab S-class los ntawm Mercedes. Lub tsheb khoom kim heev peb tab tom txiav txim siab los ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm nws cov neeg sib tw sedan. Nco ntsoov tias qhov tseeb tias lub tuam txhab tso tawm cov qauv tom qab nws cov neeg sib tw tsis yog qhov yuam kev
Compression yog Cav compression - yog dab tsi?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Compression yog qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntev. Nws yog los ntawm qhov ntsuas no tias qhov degree ntawm hnav ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev muaj zog nyob ntawm. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tsav tsheb tau sim txhawb nws ntau txoj hauv kev. Cav compression - nws yog dab tsi thiab nws ntsuas li cas? Hauv tsab xov xwm niaj hnub no, peb yuav sim piav qhia qhov tshwm sim no kom ntxaws, thiab tseem kawm paub ntsuas nws nrog peb tus kheej tes
Audi chaw nres tsheb wagons: Audi A6, Audi A4. Yam ntxwv, kuaj tsav
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub tuam txhab Audi yog qhov paub zoo tshaj plaws raws li cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam ua lag luam sedans lossis them tsheb. Tab sis Audi chaw nres tsheb wagons kuj muaj lawv cov neeg tuaj saib. Them Avant, S7 thiab lwm yam qauv yog kim heev thiab ua ke nrog chav tsev neeg lub tsheb thiab lub zog ua si. Lub keeb kwm ntawm Audi chaw nres tsheb wagon lineup pib li cas? Nyeem txog nws hauv kab lus no
Vim li cas nws yuav tsim nyog los hloov lub tog raj kheej taub hau gasket?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Cov kab lus luv luv piav qhia txog tus qauv tsim ntawm lub tog raj kheej lub taub hau gasket nws tus kheej, yog vim li cas rau nws hloov, nrog rau hom kev puas tsuaj uas xav tau qhov no
VAZ-2101, cav: yam ntxwv, kho, sib dhos
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Ntawm lub tsheb VAZ-2101, lub cav muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm 1.2 litres. Qhov no yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lub cav ntim, nws tau nruab rau yuav luag txhua lub tsheb VAZ. Qee qhov sib cav tias Fiat cav tau nruab rau ntawm "penny"
ZMZ-24D cav: yam ntxwv, piav qhia, kho
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub cav ZMZ-24D tau siv dav hauv tebchaws Soviet loj. Kab lus piav qhia txog nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, kho thiab tu. Koj tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua chav tsev kom muaj zog ntxiv
Engine yuam kev: kev txiav txim siab, laj thawj. Yuav ua li cas rov pib lub cav yuam kev?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Tej zaum, txhua tus tswv ntawm lub tsheb nrog lub tshuab txhaj tshuaj tau ntsib ntau yam yuam kev hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm chav tsev no. Cov teeb meem zoo li no tau tshaj tawm los ntawm qhov sib thooj kos npe rau ntawm qhov ntsuas vaj huam sib luag - "engineerror". Ntau tus yuav tam sim ntawd mus rau qhov chaw pabcuam rau kev kuaj mob, thaum lwm tus yuav mus nrog qhov teebmeem no. Tab sis pawg neeg thib peb yuav twv yuav raug hu xav txog cov laj thawj thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lej
Lub teeb flywheel: nta, khoom siv, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cav yog lub flywheel. Nws yog rau nws tias lub torque yog kis los ntawm lub torque ncej. Lub ntsiab yog txuas nrog lub thawv los ntawm lub clutch disc. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom kim tshaj plaws hauv crank mechanism. Cov khoom no yog dab tsi thiab lub teeb yuag flywheel muab dab tsi? Cia peb kawm paub
VAZ-21103 - kev hloov kho ntawm ib qho ntawm cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws ntawm AvtoVAZ hauv nws keeb kwm tag nrho
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
"Nkauj", raws li cov neeg feem ntau hu ua, tuaj yeem raug hu ua tsheb ciav hlau hauv peb lub tebchaws. Lub tsheb yeej nrov heev rau hnub no, tab sis peb yuav tham txog ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev hloov kho zoo tshaj plaws - VAZ-21103
Lub tshuab cua sov sab hauv. Autonomous interior heater
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Tau cua sov lub tsheb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub qhov rais kom tsis txhob khov rau sab hauv thiab sab nraum lub tsheb, raws li txoj cai, lub tshuab hluav taws xob cov neeg caij tsheb tau teeb tsa. Nws raug nquahu kom tig nws tsuas yog tom qab lub tshuab ua kom sov tag nrho
Ford Focus 2, specifications
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Tus qauv ntawm Ford Focus 2, tsim kom txog rau thaum 2007, yog Ford Focus C-MAX, uas tau nce lub peev xwm, hloov kho sab hauv thiab sab nrauv. Ford Focus 2, specifications, tuning
Chevrolet Cruze Wagon - style thiab kev nplij siab
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Ib lub tsheb nrov tshaj plaws yog Chevrolet Cruze Wagon. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog stylish thiab xis, tab sis kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev
Hyundai HD 78 yog tus pabcuam tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Hyundai HD 78 qauv (kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tam sim ntawd coj lub tsheb mus rau txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev muag khoom) tau tso tawm tom qab HD72 thiab yog nws daim ntawv txhim kho. Serial ntau lawm twb launched nyob rau hauv 1986. Tam sim no, ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab tau ua, tab sis tus qauv tseem tsis tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm ntau lawm
LuAZ: ua-nws-koj tus kheej remake. Nthuav tswv yim thiab cov lus pom zoo
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
LuAZ: ua-nws-koj tus kheej hloov pauv, txhim kho, nthuav tswv yim, nta. Ua-nws-koj tus kheej LuAZ hloov: cov lus pom zoo, duab
Lub tsheb log hubs npaj li cas?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub hub yog ib feem uas yog cov kabmob sib dhos uas txuas cov log mus rau qhov raug ncua. Qee lub sij hawm lub tswv yim ntawm "hub" txhais tau tias tag nrho cov complex ntawm qhov chaw, thiab qee zaum - tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws qhov chaw (cov kabmob sib dhos). Hauv tsab xov xwm niaj hnub no, peb yuav qhia rau koj paub meej txog yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas
Roj thiab roj-roj shock absorbers, shock absorber strut
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Sooner los yog tom qab, ib lub tsheb yuav xav tau ib tug shock absorber hloov. Qhov kev nthuav dav no tsis nyob mus ib txhis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog peb txoj kev
Pem hauv ntej hub tsim thiab ua-nws-koj tus kheej cov kabmob hloov
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub hub pem hauv ntej kom lub log tig thiab tig ib ncig ntawm lawv tus kheej axis. Qhov no yog ib qho zoo rau txhua lub tsheb, tsis hais hom tsav - pem hauv ntej lossis nram qab. Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hubs ntawm lub tsheb nrog pem hauv ntej-log tsav yog ntau haib bearings, txij li thaum ib tug CV sib koom yog ntsia rau ntawm lawv
Sab nraud CV sib koom ua ke: khoom siv, lub hom phiaj thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Ib qho kev sib koom ua ke tsis tu ncua (CV sib koom ua ke) yog ib qho khoom siv uas xa cov torque los ntawm kev sib kis mus rau cov axle shafts ntawm lub tsheb. Nws yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv khub, ntawm ib qho ntawm cov axles ntawm lub tsheb. Dab tsi yog qhov sib koom CV sab nraud thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas - koj yuav pom hauv tsab xov xwm niaj hnub no
Cov grenade sab nraud (SHRUS): khoom siv, ua haujlwm tsis zoo, kho thiab hloov pauv
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej-log tsav tsheb, muaj xws li ib feem nyob rau hauv lub tsav raws li ib tug CV sib koom - qhov no yog ib tug tas mus li kev sib koom ua ke. Nws muab kev sib kis ntawm torque los ntawm kev sib kis mus rau lub log tsav. Cov neeg tsav tsheb hu qhov no "grenade". Muaj ob lub CV sib txuas hauv lub tsheb - sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Wb tham txog lub grenade sab nraum zoov
Wheel bearing: cov teeb meem kev ua haujlwm thiab kev daws teeb meem
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Yuav luag txhua tus tswv tsheb yuav tsum muaj teeb meem xws li lub suab nrov thaum tsav tsheb. Feem ntau qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo rau tus neeg tsav tsheb thiab cov neeg caij tsheb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj pom lub suab nrov nrov thaum tsav tsheb, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab nws qhov chaw sai li sai tau
Ua-nws-koj tus kheej air suspension installation
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Hnub no, cov tuam txhab tsheb siv ntau hom kev ncua. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws, ntawm chav kawm, caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub tsheb hwm thiab kev lag luam tau nruab nrog cov tshuab pneumatic tau ntau xyoo. Nws yog kim dua, tab sis muab kev caij tsheb siab thiab tso cai rau koj hloov qhov kev tshem tawm yog tias tsim nyog. Feem ntau, cov tswv ntawm cov tsheb hauv chav kawm qis xav txog kev txhim kho cov kab ke no. Puas muaj peev xwm nruab cua ncua kev kawm nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes?
Lub sijhawm Ignition: nta, cov cai thiab cov lus pom zoo
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Ignition ua ntej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas qhov kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev ua haujlwm raug ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thiab carburetor cav ua haujlwm ntawm roj av lossis roj ncaj qha nyob ntawm. Cia peb saib seb lub sijhawm ignition yog dab tsi, nws cuam tshuam li cas, yuav txiav txim siab thiab kho nws li cas, nrog rau cov khoom siv roj
Rolling bearing: npav
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov kabmob, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kabmob dov. Bearing marking nta
Lub rooj zaum nraub qaum: kev teeb tsa thiab kho
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub rooj zaum siv yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb hauv qhov system uas ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum tsav tsheb. Yog tias koj mob siab txog lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb, tom qab ntawd tswj xyuas, thiab yog tias pom muaj teeb meem lossis kev puas tsuaj, kho lub rooj zaum nraub qaum. Peb yuav txheeb xyuas cov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawg, ua-nws-koj tus kheej kho algorithm
Tsheb ntawm Skoda hom: qauv ntau yam, yam ntxwv, duab thiab tshuaj xyuas
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Hom hom "Skoda" yog qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv tsim thiab niaj hnub tsim, cov kev ua haujlwm zoo, muaj zog khiav iav thiab kev siv roj txuag. Salons tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov khoom zoo thiab cov khoom siv, ergonomics raug txheeb xyuas hauv lawv mus rau qhov nthuav dav tshaj plaws
Kev qhia luv luv ntawm lub tsheb Renault Latitude
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Tsheb Renault yog nrov heev nyob rau hauv Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg feem coob tsuas yog paub txog ob tus qauv muag zoo tshaj plaws. Cov no yog Duster thiab Logan. Tab sis hnub no peb cov xim yuav raug riveted rau ib lub tsheb sib txawv kiag li. Qhov no yog Renault Latitude. Lub tsheb yog lub hauv ntej-log tsav plaub-qhov rooj D-class sedan, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug xis sab hauv thiab zoo saib. Renault Latitude yog dab tsi? Duab, piav qhia thiab nta ntawm tus qauv - tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm
Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tsheb yog dab tsi?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Hauv peb tsab xov xwm peb yuav tham txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tsheb. Ntxiv rau qhov dav dav, peb yuav xav txog qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm qee hom tsheb. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab tau rau cov neeg tsav tsheb. Tau kawg, tias txhua tus neeg muaj nws lub tswv yim txog lub tsheb thiab nws txoj haujlwm. Qee zaum nws nyuaj rau kev nkag siab tias lub tsheb puas xav tau lossis tsis xav tau. Txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim rau koj los teb cov lus nug no, peb yuav saib qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb
Kev tu lub tsheb yog lub hom phiaj tsim nyog. Dab tsi suav nrog hauv kev kho tsheb tam sim no
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Kev tu lub tsheb yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua, vim nws tsis pom zoo kom tso tseg kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej vim yog kev tawg ntawm ib lossis lwm chav thiab chav tsev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kho tsheb tam sim no yuav tsum tsis txhob nres tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm nws cov kev pabcuam, tsuas yog qhov xwm txheej no yuav tso cai rau lub tshuab ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo yam tsis tau nres rau kev kho loj
Yuav kuaj tshuaj tiv thaiv li cas? ceev ntawm antifreeze. Nws puas tuaj yeem dilute antifreeze nrog dej
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Kub kub yog ib qho ntawm lub tsheb cov yeeb ncuab insidious tshaj plaws. Ob qho tib si Frost thiab muaj zog cua kub tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, uas cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thiab qib ntawm kev nyab xeeb tag nrho. Antifreeze yog ib txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv cov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm lub cav kub. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg tsav tsheb tsuas yog xav paub cov lus teb rau cov lus nug txog yuav ua li cas los xyuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob
Yuav ua li cas rub lub brakes ntawm VAZ-2115 nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub tsheb yog lub braking system. Nws yog nws uas tso cai rau koj kom qeeb lub tsheb hauv lub sijhawm, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev tsheb. Niaj hnub no, cov neeg caij tsheb feem ntau siv hydraulic braking system. Thiab cov tsheb ntawm Samara-2 tsev neeg tsis muaj kev zam. Cov tswv tsheb yuav tsum paub nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej twg VAZ-2115 brakes yuav tsum tau los ntshav thiab yuav ua li cas kom raug. Tag nrho cov no - ntxiv rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm
Yuav ua li cas kho daim ntawv tso cai ntawm lub tsheb hauv ib lub thav duab: cov lus qhia kev teeb tsa, duab
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Kho tus lej tsheb yog txheej txheem uas cov tswv tsheb txiav txim siab tsis yog txoj haujlwm yooj yim heev. Nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau yog tias koj yuav lub tshuab tshiab. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus tsis xav paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem, uas yog tom qab fraught nrog teeb meem nrog tub ceev xwm tsheb. Kev ua txhaum cai yuav ua rau muaj kev qhuab ntuas. Kab lus muaj cov lus qhia txog yuav kho tus lej ntawm lub tsheb li cas
Zoo taub hau: ntsuas, piav qhia, duab
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xaiv lub txim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tshwm sim tom qab lub tsheb tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm tus neeg muag khoom tso cai. Dab tsi yog qhov hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws rau lub cav? Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws spark plugs rau tsheb cav
Yuav ua li cas rub lub brakes ntawm VAZ-2110 nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes?
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Lub sijhawm dhau mus, tus neeg tsav tsheb yuav pom tias muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm lub tsheb. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm txhua qhov ntawm. Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem no yog mos nres pedal heev. Lub tsheb tuaj yeem qeeb qeeb heev, thiab lub pedal tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv pem teb. Nws hais li cas? Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub system yog huab cua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tsum tau tso lub rear brakes thiab pem hauv ntej. Hauv tsab xov xwm niaj hnub no, peb yuav saib yuav ua li cas ua qhov no, siv cov piv txwv ntawm lub tsheb
Tsis siv neeg nres qhov system: nws ua haujlwm li cas
Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:02
Parking yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim uas tus neeg tsav tsheb niaj hnub yuav tsum paub. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov txheej txheem ua tiav, qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj kev xav, qhov tseeb thiab, tau kawg, qee lub sijhawm. Txij li nws tuaj yeem nyuaj ua raws li cov xwm txheej no hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm txoj kev, cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem tuaj nrog txoj hauv kev los pab txhawb txoj haujlwm no. Qhov tshwm sim yog ntau yam tsis siv neeg nres tsheb (APS)