Automotive tsim: nta, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:10

Auto design feem ntau hu ua qhov ua ntej, cov txheej txheem tsim qauv ntawm lub tsheb ntawm nws tus kheej thiab tus kheej daim duab kos duab. Automotive tsim yog ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm rationalism thiab manufacturability thaum tsim tsheb. Ib yam dab tsi uas tsis muaj lub tsheb tsav tsis tau, nrog rau kev ua kom tau raws li cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov cai tswj hwm, yuav tsum muab rau hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm yam hauv daim duab kos duab, kos duab thiab hauv cov hlau. Qhov chaw xav tau rau lub cav, lub log thiab lwm yam khoom siv, cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv uas ua kom muaj kev nplij siab thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb thiab cov neeg caij tsheb.

Lub davhlau ntawm kev npau suav ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv, lawv lub zeem muag ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab kev ua raws li kev zam raws li thiab "kwv ncig" txhua yam tsim nyog, ua haujlwm zoo thiab tsim nyog. Tab sis qhov no yog ob txoj kev. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, kev faib ua feem, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej muab lub zog rau kev tshawb nrhiav cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab thiab cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau "kev hloov kho" ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm.

Nws yog txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws rau txhua qhov chaw tsim khoom los tsim thiab muag cov khoom loj. Qhov no kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg tsim qauv - tsis muaj dab tsi txwv lub davhlau ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Tab sis yog tias muaj kev thov rau miniaturization hauv zej zog, thiab cov tsheb loj tau muag hauv cov khoom me me, ces lub tuam txhab yuav hloov cov vector ntau lawm.

History

Txawm hais tias lub tsheb pib tsim los ntawm qhov loj me txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thiab yog li ntawd muaj qee qhov kev tsim ntawm lawv (tsawg kawg yog ib qho kev coj ua ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom lossis lub tsheb thauj khoom), nws suav tias yog hais tias tsheb thiab thauj tsim raws li ib tug artistic tsim nrog ib tug theoretical justification thiab yuav ua li cas ib tug tiag tiag kev lag luam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub North American xeev nyob rau hauv lub lig 20s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm General Motors, uas tau tsim cov kev faib khoom sib xws hauv xyoo 1926. Ib xyoos tom qab, Cadillac La Salle, uas ntaus txhua tus, twb tau tso tawm. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, kev tsim tsheb pib pib nws txoj kev vam meej los ntawm European lub teb chaws thiab Nyiv. Plaub caug xyoo tom qab, tag nrho cov automakers, suav nrog USSR, muaj pab pawg tsim thiab chav haujlwm. Thiab hauv GM, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab plaub puas tus kws tshaj lij tau ua haujlwm rau lub ntsiab lus no (hauv Ford kev txhawj xeeb - 875).

Western tsheb tsim

Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub tsheb zoo li yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv paub thiab tsis yog ib daim qauv ntawm ib tug nees-drawn carriage. Muaj kev tawm tsam tsis yog tsuas yog rau hom cav siv (steam, hluav taws xob lossis roj av), tab sis kuj rau hom lub cev - "salon" lossis qhib.

Automotive tsim ntawm 20-30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem tau txhais los ntawm workaholic Budd - qhov no yog "kho cov duab" (Streamline). Nyob rau hauv lub 40s, Art Deco (kho duab kos duab) style kuj muaj zog. Qhov no yog kev sib xyaw ntawm neoclassicism, cubism, constructivism. Lub tsheb tsim embodies qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, txawv geometric kev daws teeb meem thiab cov khoom kim heev tiav (tsis tshua muaj hom pob txha, ntoo, nrog rau txhuas, nyiaj, thiab lwm yam).

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Cadillac 62nd qauv hauv Asmeskas, qhov tshiab "aerostyle" pib (thaum lub sijhawm ntawd kev ua tub rog aviation yog qhov siab tshaj ntawm kev vam meej). Nws kuj dictated zam. England muaj nws tus kheej style - "razor blade". Ib me ntsis tom qab, "fin style" tshwm nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, uas kis thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no thiab muaj txawm tias ntev dua nyob rau hauv "lub teb chaws". Nws yog lub npe vim hais tias ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm stylized fins ntawm ntau yam ntses los yog keel. Fins ntawm kev sib txawv thiab cov duab tsim tau ib tug catchy tsos, tab sis tsis tshua muaj neeg ua tsis tau zoo.

Tom qab kaum tsib xyoos, "pseudo-kev ua si nawv" style los rau hauv kev zam, uas tau nthuav tawm ntau chav kawm ntawm cov tsheb pony (pony tsheb). Nyob rau hauv parallel, nyob rau hauv lub 70s, muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm "muscular" (insidious killers) thiab "mob". Muscle-tsheb yog nruab nrab-ntau 2-qhov rooj qauv nrog cav los ntawm cov laus dua. Lub sijhawm no, kev saib xyuas ntau dua rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb thiab cov neeg caij tsheb. Cov "Muscles" yeej "Moths", tab sis lawv, tas li tshwm sim thiab ua lwm txoj hauv kev "insidious killers", tau txhim kho tseem ceeb hauv kev ruaj ntseg.

Txoj cai ntawm aerodynamics pibdictate zam nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej. Lub streamlined, smoothed zoo ntawm lub tsheb yuav txo tau qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm huab cua ntws thiab muab cov roj txuag tseem ceeb, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub aerodynamic "era" txuas ntxiv, tab sis cov style ntawm "biodesign" tau ntxiv rau nws. Qhov no yog ib qho kev coj ua ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj, xws li cov pob zeb sib npaug.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo xoom ntawm lub xyoo pua tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv "khoos phis tawj" ntawm lub tsheb tau paub zoo - tag nrho 3 qhov ntim tau pom meej meej. Nyob rau hauv parallel, muaj nthwv dej ntawm "nostalgic" tsim - automotive tsim nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv lub 30s-50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Tam sim no, tau maj mam tawm mus los ntawm cov qauv ntawm kaum xyoo dhau los hauv kev coj ua kom nyuaj rau cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev thiab nce kev nyab xeeb.

Russian tsheb tsim

Automotive tsim nyob rau hauv USSR tau tshwm sim ntau dua li nyob rau sab hnub poob. Txog rau xyoo 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, ob peb tus kws tsim tsheb, ob qho tib si raug cai thiab tsis raug cai, ua haujlwm raws li "Western lais xees". Thaum pib ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob rau hauv lub "tis" ntawm NAMI, ob peb nthuav thawj domestic tej yaam num tau tsim (NAMI-013, "kev cog lus tsheb tavxij", "Maxi"), tab sis lawv tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. Lub tsheb npav PAZ - Cov neeg ncig tebchaws tseem tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm, txawm hais tias ob zaug lub tswvyim tsheb npav no tau txais khoom plig ntawm kev nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab qub. Ib qho xwm txheej sib txawv me ntsis tsim los ntawm Gorky Automobile Plant, qhov twg xyoo 1961 lub chaw tsim khoom tau coj los ntawm BB. Lebedev. Nws cov phiaj xwm tsheb thauj khoom, suav nrog cov nyob raukab ntsig, tswj kom paub.

Russian automotive tsim tau ib txwm tso tseg kev tsim khoom, nws qhov qeeb qeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm rov qab. Daim duab tsis hloov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua tam sim no, nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev faib ua hauj lwm thiab kev koom tes, nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm ntau lawm.

Tsim lub tsheb ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej

Kev tsim lub tsheb ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej yog qhov nyuaj rau kev kwv yees, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tag nrho cov khoom tuaj thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev tshawb nrhiav pom. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no rau kev tsim lub cev? Nov yog:

• durability;
• ergonomic;
• kev ruaj ntseg;
• txo nqi ntau lawm.

Tej yam tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau nrog kev qhia txog qhov zoo xws li kev tsim cov roj tshiab thiab / lossis propulsion. Thiab feem ntau ntawm cov tsheb, piv txwv li, "soar" nce thiab hover nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, raws li yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv science ntawv tseeb films. Los yog muaj lwm yam tshwm sim. Tus tsim ntawm lub tsheb huab cua yuav hloov tam sim ntawd, raws li feem ntau ntawm nws cov hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Yog tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv loj heev, feem ntau yuav, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub tshuab hluav taws xob thaum kawg yuav yeej, thiab yuav muaj kev sib faib zaum kawg rau hauv tsheb rau cov nroog loj (cov nroog loj loj) thiab rau txhua yam.

Salon design

Kev tsim sab hauv tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm lub tsheb, nrog rau tom qab nws yuav khoom txhua lub sijhawm, txawm hais tias feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau theem ntawm kev npaj rau kev ua haujlwm nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog nws cov kev hloov kho. Yog ibtawm cov tswv yim vwm thiab kev hloov pauv tsis zoo tawm ntawm qhov sib npaug, tom qab ntawd txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim qauv tom qab yog txhawm rau hais ntxiv txog cov qauv ntawm lub tsheb (nws tshwj xeeb feature) thiab / lossis kev ua neej ntawm nws tus tswv. Raws li txoj cai, muaj kev kho kom zoo txaus ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nrog rau kev coj lawv yuav luag ua tiav hauv chav kawm Hi-End. Lub inimitable kev ntxhib los mos thiab elegance hloov cov kev xav thiab, rau qee yam, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb thiab nws cov neeg caij tsheb. Thiab qhov no yog ua tiav, piv txwv li, nrog tsuas yog ntxig ntawm cov tawv nqaij tsiaj reptile thiab ivory. Txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim heev, thiab tsim kom muaj huab cua tsim nyog, yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam.

Disks

Rim tsim yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tsheb. Tsis tshua muaj yog cov log uas zoo li tib lub tsheb, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev siv. Piv txwv li, US Nutek cov khoom raug nqi qis dua $ 25,000 rau plaub lub log. Savini log yog zoo heev rau cov kev ua si tsheb. Lawv saib zoo nkauj, tab sis elegant, forged thiab incredibly lub teeb. Rau cov tsheb off-txoj kev, loj, ib-thooj txhuas Dub rims, uas tas li yeej khoom plig ntawm kev nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb. Vossen, tsim nrog tshwj xeeb "tsawg" cov txheej txheem casting, saib sophisticated (chrome tiav ntawm lub hauv paus dub) thiab tshiab, thiab yog ib nrab ntawm tus nqi ntawm Nutek.

Tswvyaj

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim lub rooj zaum tsheb tsis yog tsuas yog muab cov qauv tsim nyog thiab ua haujlwm rau ntau dua ergonomics thiab kev nyab xeeb, tab sis kuj tsimqhov sib thooj sab hauv, nrog rau kev pab ntawm npog rau lawv. Cov khoom siv rau lawv siv thiab kho kom zoo nkauj tuaj yeem siv ntau yam sib txawv. Raws li lawv hais, rau txhua tus saj, xim thiab loj ntawm lub hnab nyiaj (upholstery fabric, leatherette, tiag tawv). Kev nplij siab thiab piquancy yog muab los ntawm capes ntawm lub rooj zaum ua los ntawm cov plaub hau ntuj. Eco-leather tso cai rau huab cua dhau mus, tab sis tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm dej.

Tus tsim ntawm tailoring lub tsheb npog kuj muaj nyob rau hauv decorating ntaub los ntawm uas lawv sewn. Ob qho tib si niaj hnub thev naus laus zis, piv txwv li, tshuab computer paj ntaub, thiab cov khoom qub tau siv. Txawm nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum ub, thev naus laus zis ntawm decorating fabrics los ntawm imposing pawg rau lawv (flocking) tau siv. Qhov ntim ntawm cov duab kos thiab kev ua si ntawm cov xim tau ua tiav siv txoj kev "flock on flock".

Boats and automotive design

Vim tias muaj ntau lub tuam txhab tsheb tsim cov nkoj me me thiab dej hiav txwv thiab / lossis cov khoom siv rau lawv, lawv kuj tsim lawv. Nqis thiab futuristic-saib nkoj Toyota Ponam-31 yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.

Ib tus qauv qub yog tsim los ntawm Lexus, tab sis nws kim dua, thiab tsis yog vim cov khoom tiav (carbon, tawv, ntoo). Lub yacht luxurious Arrow460-Granturismo ua los ntawm Mercedes-Benz arouses admiration rau nws cov tsos. Aston Martin lossis Bugatti yachts yog cov haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm kev kos duab. Thiab cov uas "obsessed" nrog ceev, headwind thiab splashes nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag yog npaj rau cov khoom los ntawm Cigarette Racing (txog 160 km / h) thiab Marine Technology Inc (txog 300 km / h).

Zoo kawg

Yog li peb tau saib keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim tsheb. Tam sim no nws yog nyob rau ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev kos duab siab thiab kev daws teeb meem, yog li ntawd, txhawm rau siv cov tswv yim ntawm "geniuses", cov kws tsim qauv tsim qauv xav tau uas tuaj yeem hloov cov tswv yim ntawm kev tawm tswv yim pab pawg thiab cov tuam tsev mus rau hauv cov lus qhia ua tiav. Kev mob siab thiab kawm kom ntxaws yog qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov project.

Tsis ntev los no, tau muaj kev nyiam rau poj niam txoj kev xav, kev xav thiab lub zeem muag ntawm cov teeb meem tuaj rau hauv autodesign (los ntawm txoj kev, nws haum rau cov qauv kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg). Raws li lawv hais, cia peb pom thiab xav tias lawv yuav tsim dab tsi. Los yog tej zaum nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, raws li qee tus kws tshaj lij tham txog "kev poob qis" thaum lwm tus tham txog qhov kawg ntawm kev tsim tsheb.

Tiag tiag, nws puas yog txoj haujlwm tsim tsheb kom zoo li menyuam ntxaib, tsuas yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov pom thiab teeb ntawm lub teeb taub hau, nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus me? Lub tsheb zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej, tab sis zoo sib xws, thiab yog li ntawd faceless. Nws yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim khoom loj. Tab sis kuv xav tau lwm yam, tshiab thiab tsis tau sim.