2024 Tus sau: Erin Ralphs | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-19 16:11
Cov neeg tsav tsheb pib ntsib ntau cov lus nug thaum khiav lawv thawj lub tsheb. Lub ntsiab yog xaiv cov roj cav. Nws yuav zoo li tias nrog cov khoom lag luam niaj hnub no ntawm cov khw muag khoom, tsis muaj dab tsi yooj yim dua li kev xaiv qhov chaw tsim khoom siv cav pom zoo. Tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus nug txog roj tsis txo qis. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov pib tshiab kom paub txhua yam txog cov roj cav, cov khoom siv roj, kev faib tawm thiab cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb. Tom qab tag nrho, kev xaiv tsis ncaj ncees lawm ntawm lubricants rau lub cav tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Hnub no peb yuav tham txog qhov teeb meem no kom ntxaws.
Function
Lub ntsiab ntawm lub zog cog ntawm txhua lub tsheb yuav tsum muaj kev sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam, kev sib txhuam tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov mechanisms. Vim yog qhov hnyav ntawm qee qhov chaw thiab cov khoom sib dhos, kev sib txhuam quab yuam ntawm lawv tuaj yeem siab heev. Ua kom siab tshaj plawstxhawm rau txo qhov quab yuam no, thiab nrog nws hnav, lubricants tau siv.
Roj, ntxiv rau txo kev sib txhuam, kuj ua rau cov khoom txias, tshem tawm cov cua sov los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem. Lwm txoj haujlwm yog tu. Cov kua dej ntxuav cov av thiab hnav cov khoom ntawm lub cav thiab cov khoom sib dhos.
Composition
Chaw tsim khoom tsim ntau hom roj cav. Cov khoom ntawm cov roj sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, tag nrho cov khoom uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj. Cov no yog cov ntxhia, hluavtaws roj thiab roj nplua nyeem thiab semi-synthetic.
Txhua lub roj nplua nyeem yog raws li cov roj hauv paus thiab cov khoom ntxiv. Cov yam ntxwv, kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tsuas yog los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hauv paus. Cov tshuaj ntxiv yog xav tau los kho lossis txhim kho cov khoom. Nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau pab pawg ntawm additives, cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub cev muaj zog cov roj muaj peev xwm yuav ho txhim khu kev qha, txawm tias lawv tsis yog tsim los ntawm zoo tshaj plaws puag. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv mus sij hawm ntev, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high engine loads, cov additives tawg thiab qhov kawg zoo ntawm lub lubricant, uas tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub engine rau tsawg kawg yog ib nrab ntawm lub sij hawm tshaj tawm los ntawm cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus, tsuas yog yuav tsum tau. txiav txim los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm lub hauv paus.
Lub hauv paus tuaj yeem yog ntxhia lossis hluavtaws. Thaum ua ke, ob lub hauv paus no muab lub hauv paus semi-synthetic.
Cov roj tsheb yog cov hydrocarbons uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau. Cov pa roj carbon atom txuas nrog ncaj thiab ntev, nrog rau hauvceg chains. Qhov ncaj cov saw ntawm atoms, qhov zoo dua ntawm cov roj. Piv txwv li, nws yooj yim dua rau branched molecules dov mus rau hauv ib lub pob, vim hais tias lawv muaj ntau compact dua li cov molecules ncaj. Qhov no yog qhov txheej txheem khov zoo li. Ceg atoms yuav khov ntawm qhov kub siab dua li cov atom hauv cov saw ncaj. Tab sis koj yuav tsum tau txais cov roj, uas muaj cov saw ncaj ntawm hydrocarbons, kom tsis muaj impurities nyob rau hauv nws, tsis muaj unsaturated bonds, rings.
Cov khoom tau txais ncaj qha los ntawm cov roj crude yog coj mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov txheej txheem pom zoo lossis cov txheej txheem tsis tshua zoo. Hauv cov roj ntxhia, cov roj carbon chains yog branched, tab sis nyob rau hauv hydrocracked roj lawv yog straightened. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tau txais cov molecules xaiv hauv txoj kev no. Raws li rau hluavtaws roj, nws yog tsim los ntawm volatile, lub teeb gases. Cov saw ntev tau nce mus rau qhov xav tau ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms.
Mineral
Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov roj hauv paus. Cov tom kawg yog tsim ncaj qha los ntawm cov roj crude. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov roj nplua nyeem raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov khoom siv raw tau dhau los ua cov txheej txheem pom siv cov thev naus laus zis xaiv purification. Tom ntej no, paraffins raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim. Cov roj ntxhia tau tshwm sim thawj zaug thiab yog thawj zaug siv rau lub cav tsheb. Niaj hnub no, cov khoom ntawm pab pawg no tsis tshua siv. Vim li cas? Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua tau zoo, cov roj no muaj ntau inferior rau cov khoom ntawm cov hluavtaws thiab semi-synthetic pawg.
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm lub hauv pauscov roj crude, boiling point txwv rau cov roj feem, technologies thiab degree ntawm purification. Cov pob zeb hauv av yog qhov pheej yig tshaj los tsim khoom. Cov khoom tau txais los ntawm cov roj distillation ncaj qha, cov molecules muaj qhov sib txawv ntev thiab cov qauv sib txawv. Vim qhov no heterogeneity, cov roj muaj tsis ruaj khov viscosity-kub yam ntxwv, siab volatility. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia qhov tsis kam tiv thaiv oxidation. Qhov no yog qhov feem ntau lub cev muaj zog roj puag. Txawm hais tias cov khoom ntawm cov roj qis dua, vim tus nqi pheej yig, ntau tus neeg tsim khoom xaiv lub hauv paus tshwj xeeb no.
Cov khoom siv ntxhia pob zeb yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho thiab txhim kho hauv ob txoj hauv kev. Thawj qhov kev taw qhia yog kev ua kom huv ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau qhov uas tsuas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov resins, nitrogen, sulfur compounds, thiab acids nyob hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pob khoom ntxiv tau qhia los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo. Tab sis alas, nyob rau hauv txoj kev no koj tsis tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom lag luam zoo. Qhov thib ob kev taw qhia yog purification ntawm lub hauv paus roj, nyob rau hauv uas tej impurities raug tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Kev hloov pauv molecular kuj tseem ua tau siv tshuab hydrocracking. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov roj ntxhia nrog ntau tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm hnyav, ua haujlwm kub kub.
Hydrocracking oils
Raws li tus nqi, cov khoom yog ze rau cov roj ntxhia. Raws li qhov zoo, cov neeg muag khoom paub tseeb tias cov neeg siv khoom muaj tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov roj hluavtaws hluavtaws. Tab sis tus tswv tsheb uas paub txog kev nkag siab tias yog tias txhua yam yog li ntawd, cov roj hluavtaws yuav tsum tsis txhob raug tsim tawmtsis tsim nyog. Qhov tseeb, cov khoom siv hydrocracking yog ze dua rau "dej dej" tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog tus nqi xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis. Cov roj kuj yog tsim los ntawm cov roj av. Yog vim li cas, yog li ntawd, hydrocracking zoo dua li "dej dej" hais txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj cav?
Qhov tseeb yog tias cov kua roj hydrocracking lubricating kua tau dhau los ua kom huv huv hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Thaum thawj theem, thev naus laus zis tsis txawv ntawm kev tsim cov roj ntxhia. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, siv ntau txoj hauv kev physico-chemical, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsis xav tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub hauv paus. Cov no yog sulfur compounds, nitrogen, bituminous tshuaj, aromatic compounds. Tom ntej no, cov paraffins raug tshem tawm. Tab sis tau kawg, tshem tawm tag nrho cov impurities los ntawm hydrocracking yog qhov nyuaj heev. Thiab qhov no yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntxhia lubricating kua.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov roj tsheb feem ntau, uas tau tso los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv tag nrho, yog cov roj hydrocracking zoo tib yam. Khoom Plhaub, ZIC, ib nrab Castrol, Mobil thiab lwm yam yog tag nrho cov hydrocracking.
Semi-synthetics
Pab pawg no yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntxhia thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav muaj txog li 40% cov khoom hluavtaws. Tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov tuam ntxhab ntawm qhov piv ntawm cov hauv paus, ib yam li tsis muaj cov ntawv qhia meej meej rau cov khoom siv hluavtaws tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj cav ntawm cov pab pawg no yog nyob nruab nrab ntawmmineral thiab hluavtaws. Cov yam ntxwv zoo dua li cov dej ntxhia, tab sis phem dua li hluavtaws.
roj hluavtaws
Ntawm no, tag nrho cov khoom lag luam muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo tshwj xeeb ntawm cov viscosity thiab kub. Ntawm no, lub ncuav taw tes yog qis dua li ntawm cov ntxhia pob zeb. Lub viscosity index yog siab heev. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim dua pib lub cav thaum lub caij ntuj no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov roj ntawm cov pab pawg no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm viscosity nyob rau hauv kev khiav hauj lwm kub ntawm lub cav - cov roj zaj duab xis yuav tsis tawg nyob rau hauv thermal tej yam kev mob.
Peb tseem xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj hluavtaws hluavtaws. Cov khoom ntawm cov roj yog xws li cov khoom hluavtaws muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ua cov kua roj vanish deposits thiab soot. Koj tuaj yeem hais txog qhov tsis muaj zog me me thiab noj "rau khib nyiab". Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm anti-thickening additives yog siv nyob rau hauv synthetics. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qib high-zoo tsis muaj cov additives tag nrho.
Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov roj hluav taws xob ua kom txo qis tag nrho cov neeg kho tshuab poob thiab hnav ntawm lub cav qhov chaw. Tab sis tus nqi piv rau "cov dej ntxhia" yog 5 lossis ntau zaus kim dua.
pob khoom ntxiv
Txawm tias cov roj hluavtaws zoo tshaj plaws thiab kim tshaj plaws tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm lawv cov yam ntxwv rau lub sijhawm ntev thaum ua haujlwm hauv lub cav. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog cov loads siab, nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias. Peb tshuaj xyuas cov hom thiab cov khoom ntawm cov roj cav. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum tham txog additives, uas tsim cov khoom.
Cov khoom ntxiv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj - txhua tus yog tsim los rauCov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb:
Pab pawg thawj thiab loj tshaj plaws yog ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog ib pab pawg uas muab ntau tus yam ntxwv zoo. Piv txwv li, vim cov additives no, cov roj muaj peev xwm muaj zog tiv thaiv hnav, thiab antioxidant zog ntawm lub cev muaj zog roj. Vim yog cov additives, ua npuas ncauj tsis tsim, thiab cav qhov chaw muaj kev ntseeg siab tiv thaiv corrosion
Pab pawg thib ob yog qhov hu ua viscosity additives. Viscosity, raws li koj paub, yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lubricating kua. Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov kev ntxiv no yog txhawm rau nce viscosity index thiab tom qab ntawd tswj hwm nws ntawm qee theem, tsis hais qhov kub thiab txias
- Pab pawg thib peb yog tsim los ua kom muaj kev lag luam nce ntxiv.
Kev faib tawm
Xav txog cov kev faib tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom ntawm cov roj cav. Cov roj feem ntau yog cais raws li qib viscosity, nrog rau cov khoom txuag hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm kev faib tawm thiab kev sau npe yog siv. Lawv raug teeb tsa los ntawm cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, cov roj raug cais raws li SAE thiab API. European system - ACEA. Hauv tebchaws Russia, nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom raws li GOST 17479.1-85.
Russian kev faib tawm
Nyob ntawm qib viscosity, muaj lub caij ntuj no, lub caij ntuj sov, thiab txhua lub caij ntuj no lubricants. Cov roj raug xaiv los ntawm tus lej thiab ib tsab ntawv. Tsab ntawv "z" nyob ib sab ntawm tus lej qhia tias siv cov tshuaj ntxiv ntxiv. Qhov loj dua tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim, qhov siab dua qib viscosity. Nyob ntawm lub cav thiab hom roj, cov cim yuav muajindices - 1 lossis 2. 1 yog roj av, 2 yog diesel. Yog tias tsab ntawv hauv kev xaiv tsis muaj qhov ntsuas, ces qhov no yog cov khoom lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
SAE
Hauv tsab ntawv no, 6 hom roj sib txawv rau lub caij ntuj no thiab 5 rau lub caij ntuj sov. Lub caij ntuj no raug xaiv los ntawm tsab ntawv W - 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W. Rau lub caij ntuj sov, lawv raug cim nrog cov lej - ntau dua tus lej, cov roj ntau dua. Cov khoom ntawm lub cev muaj zog roj, lawv cov cim nyob rau hauv no version yog to taub ntau dua txawm rau ib tug pib.
API
Raws li cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab ke no, cov khoom raug xaiv raws li hauv qab no. S yog rau roj av cav thiab C yog rau kev lag luam diesel tsheb. Lub cim muaj ob tsab ntawv - thawj qhia cov qeb ntawm cov khoom. Qhov thib ob yog hais txog qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov deb ntawm tsab ntawv yog nyob ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, qhov siab dua ntawm cov kua. Piv txwv li, roj qib cim SL yog siab dua SJ. Universal lubricants muaj qhov Performance index SG / CD, SJ / CF.
Zoo kawg
Peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov roj cav, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom, kos npe. Nrog kev pab los ntawm tsab xov xwm no, cov tswv tsheb novice yuav nkag siab yooj yim cov yam ntxwv ntawm lubricants. Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias qee zaum koj tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus pom zoo los ntawm kev xaiv cov roj viscosity siab dua lossis qis dua. Tab sis, raws li txoj cai, cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem pom zoo cov khoom nrog cov viscosities sib txawv. Txhua tus neeg tsav tsheb xaiv rau nws tus kheej qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws raws li kev nyab xeeb. Txhua huab cua yog suav tias yog 15W40.
Pom zoo:
Automotive oils 5W30: ntsuam xyuas, yam ntxwv, kev faib tawm, tshaj tawm qhov zoo, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo, kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov tswv tsheb
Txhua tus tswv tsheb paub tias nws tseem ceeb npaum li cas los xaiv cov roj cav kom raug. Tsis tsuas yog kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm cov hlau "lub siab" ntawm lub tsheb nyob ntawm qhov no, tab sis kuj yog cov peev txheej ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Cov roj zoo tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem los ntawm ntau yam tsis zoo. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws hauv peb lub teb chaws yog roj nrog viscosity Performance index ntawm 5W30. Nws tuaj yeem hu ua universal. Qhov ntsuas roj 5W30 yuav tau tham hauv kab lus
"Nissan Qashqai": kev ua haujlwm yam ntxwv, hom, kev faib tawm, kev siv roj, tshaj tawm lub zog, qhov siab tshaj plaws, kev khiav hauj lwm nta thiab cov tswv xyuas
Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo no, qhov premiere ntawm qhov tshiab Nissan Qashqai 2018 qauv coj qhov chaw ntawm Geneva International Motor Show. Nws tau npaj yuav nkag mus rau Tebchaws Europe thaum Lub Xya Hli-Lub Yim Hli 2018. Cov neeg Nyij Pooj tuaj nrog lub supercomputer ProPilot 1.0 los pab tswj kev tswj hwm ntawm Nissan Qashqai tshiab 2018
Lub tsheb ua haujlwm yog Hom, yam ntxwv, pawg, nqes nqi thiab suav roj noj, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev siv
Kev txhawb nqa kev thauj mus los ntawm kev thauj mus los yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm kev ua haujlwm thiab yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev muab cov tsheb lag luam nrog dov Tshuag, units, spare qhov chaw, log tsheb, roj teeb thiab cov khoom tsim nyog rau lawv txoj haujlwm ib txwm muaj. Kev tsim nyog lub koom haum ntawm logistics plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev siv tsheb los ntawm kev tswj lawv kom zoo
Tsheb "tsis raug": xyoo ntawm kev tsim tsheb, cov yam ntxwv kev, khoom siv, lub zog thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm
Serpukhov Tsheb cog hauv xyoo 1970, los hloov S-ZAM motorized carriage, tsim plaub lub log ob-seater SMZ-SZD. "Invalids" cov tsheb no tau nrov npe vim yog kev faib tawm los ntawm cov koom haum kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov neeg xiam oob qhab ntawm ntau pawg nrog them tag nrho lossis ib nrab
"Toyota Tundra": qhov ntev, qhov hnyav, kev faib tawm, cov yam ntxwv kev, tshaj tawm lub zog, qhov siab tshaj plaws, kev khiav hauj lwm nta thiab cov tswv xyuas
Qhov ntev ntawm Toyota Tundra yog qhov zoo nkauj heev, lub tsheb, ntev dua 5.5 meters thiab nrog lub cav muaj zog, tau hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv tag nrho hauv kaum xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom los ntawm Toyota. Nyob rau hauv 2012, nws yog Toyota Tundra uas muaj kev hwm ntawm raug cab mus rau California Science Center Space Shuttle Endeavor. Thiab nws tag nrho pib li cas, kab lus no yuav qhia